Ferugliocladus
genus
Type species: Ferugliocladus riojanum Archangelsky & Cuneo, 1987.
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genus
Type species: Ferugliocladus riojanum Archangelsky & Cuneo, 1987.
Shoots branching at least up to fourth order; branches attached radially and irregularly at acute angles, straight to slightly curved, leafless or with helically disposed leaves. Leaves all of one kind, with a single vein, lanceolate, acute. Female cones compact, ovoid, terminal; composed of simple bracts and either free ovules or ovuliferous complexes, attached helically to cone axis. Presumed ovules or ovuliferous complexes subaxillary to bracts, subcircular; ovules orthotropous with a small and simple nucellar apex.
genus
Type species: Ernestiodendron filiciforme (Sternberg, 1825) Florin 1934
morphogenus
type species: E. rarisulcata Meyen, 1969
genus
Type species: Emporia lockardii (Mapes & Rothwell, 1984) Mapes & Rothwell, 2003
genus
Type species: Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin, designated by who?
genus
Type species: Majonica alpina Clement-Westerhof, 1987
genus
Type-species: Dolomitia cittertiae Clement-Westerhof, 1987
morphogenus
Type species: Timanostrobus muravievii Meyen, 1997
genus
Type species: Kungurondendron sharovii Meyen, 1997
genus
genus
Type species: Concholepis harrisii Meyen, 1997
morphogenus
Type species: Compsostrobus neoreticus Delevoryaz & Hope, 1973
genus
genus
genus
type species: Barthelia furcata Rothwell & Mapes, 2001
Small eustelic coniferous trees with orthotropic stem, plagiotropic branches, and dense wood. Leaves helically arranged, simple on ultimate branches, forked on more proximal branches. Fertile organs consisting of simple pollen cones and compound ovulate cones. Pollen cone axis bearing helically arranged amphistomatic sporophylls with adaxial pollen sacs bearing eusaccate prepollen.
Presumed main axis leafy at younger stage. Lateral shoot syst ems pinnat ely branched, consisting of a penultimate branch with two lateral series of parallel ultimate branches situated in one plane. Tripinnate shoot systems may also occur. Leaves bifacial, spirally arranged, sometimes heterophyllous.
Ovulate cones: Dense strobili with ca. 50 pairs of decussate bracteoles each subtending a simple cone ('flower'); ovules terminal on simple cone, surrounded by two fused inner bracts and sometimes two transverse outer bracts; seeds with two prominent wings formed by the inner pair (chlamys) of bracts.
Crown gnetopsids with 'flowers' comprising a system of opposite and decussate bracteoles axillary to a primary bract (adapted from Crane 1985)
Gymnospermous plants with ovulate strobili composed of megasporophylls arranged in opposite and descuccate ranks or whorls
Callistophytalean plants with ovule enclosed by integument except for the micropyle; ovules attached medially to lateral veins. Male: Pollen-bearing organs, consisting of 6-8 sporangia, attached to abaxial surface of unmodified pinnules; prepollen monosaccate of the Vesicaspora-type. Foliage: ronds bipartite, each branch tripinnately divided. Stems: eustelic with secretory system composed of spherical cavities lined with epithelium.
Lyginopteridopsid plants with bilateral symmetrical ovules, and with nucellus free from integument except in the basal one-fifth of the ovule; ovules noncupulate, borne on abaxial surface of unmodified pinnules; nucellar beak lacks a cellular plug or column. Male: Pollen-bearing organs consisting of 2-8 basally fused sporangia
Gymnospermous plants bearing ovules with a flask-shaped pollen chamber terminated by an elongate neck (salpinx/lagenostome/nucellar beak) and that are supplied by a single vascular system. Foliage: Frond-like with proximal dichotomy of primary rachis.
Eustelic gymnosperms with fern-like leaves and leaf-borne reproductive organs. Cardiocarpalean ovules; microsporangia fused as a radial ring forming a synangium, dehiscence via a longitudinal slit on the inward-facing sporangial wall. Pollen saccate, with distal germination; microgametophyte forming an axial row of cells prior to sporangial dehiscence and a probable siphonogamous pollen tube at maturity. Pollination via pollination drop mechanism.
Coniferophytic seed plants with compound ovulate fertile zones and simple pollen cones; branched, woody stems bearing closely spaced simple and forked leaves. Stems eustelic with enarch primary xylem, dense wood; leaves vascularized by single bundle, stomata in two adaxial bands, guard cells with papillate subsidiary cells; stomatoliferous grooves absent. Pollen cones simple, pollen sacs borne adaxially on sporophylls, producing monosaccate, eusaccate prepollen.
Plants: Monocious, rarely diocious.
Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bract spirally or decussately arranged, rarely in trimerous whorls, mainly fused to scale; ovuliferous scales variable, from prominent with several teeth to completely reduced; ovules 1-30, arranged in 1-4 rows, erect or inverted; seeds winged or unwinged.
Pollen cones: Sporangia 1-8 per sporangiophore; pollen without air-bladders.
Leaves: Needle- or scale-like, with one median vascular bundle.
Plants: Mostly diocious, rarely monocious.
Plants: Dioecious or monoecious. Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bracts almost completely fused with scale, large and woody; ovuliferous scale highly reduced, flattened; ovule usually single, large, inverted, free or fused to ovuliferous scale/bract complex. Pollen cones: Very large, sporangiophores numerous; sporangia 4-20, initiated in two rows, pollen-tube fertilisation, pollen without air-bladders. Leaves: Scale-like or laminar, with parallel venation originating from basal dichotomies.
Plants: Monoecious. Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bracts spirally arranged, flattened, tongueshaped, free from scale, with a single vascular strand; ovuliferous scales flattened; ovules 2, inverted, proximal, fused to ovuliferous scale, with a single vascular strand dividing up to 20 times, micropyle laterally directed; seeds typically winged, rarely unwinged (e.g. Pinus pinea), wing descended from ovuliferous scale.
Pinopsid plants bearing compact ovuliferous cones, or drupelike fruit, with megasporophyll units comprising single (unlobed) sterile bracts more or less fused throughout but for a free tip; ovuliferous scales almost invariably unlobed and with 1 to several ovules.
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts generally fused to axis of scale, free beyond (fully free in Pseudovoltzia), and generally unforked towards tip (forked only in Voltziopsis); ovuliferous scales mostly 1-, 3-, or 5-lobed; ovules 1-5, inverted.
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free, simple; ovuliferous dwarf shoots reduced to a single, simple, orbicular fertile scale; ovules one per scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free or partially fused with dwarf shoots, simple; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 1-15 sterile scales and 2 or 3 variously shaped, flattened fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free, simple or forked; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 10-30 sterile scales and one or more broad, flattened fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988; Mapes & Rothwell 1991)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free from dwarf shoots, with forked tip; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 15-30 sterile scales and 1 or 2 (rarely 3-5) narrow, cylindrical fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, apical, inverted (adapted from Mapes & Rothwell 1984, 1991, 2003)
Voltzialean plants with ovulate pre-cones comprising a 'compount cone-like fertile zone of axillary dwarf shoots' extending into a distal 'vegetative zone'; ovuliferous 'dwarf shoots' radial, with 'numerous sterile scales', and in the 'axils of helically' arranged bracts with forkedtips; ovules 'apparently erect', 'borne on narrow sporophylls' (adapted from Rothwell & Mapes 2001)
As for order Palissyales
Putative pinopsids bearing lax strobili with helically arranged megasporophyll units comprising a single (?) free, lanceolate, leafy bract, and stalked ovuliferous scales with 1-5 pairs of opposite, erect ovules partly enclosed by an aril.
As for order Cheirolepidiales
Putative pinopsids bearing elliptical cones with megasporophyll units comprising large free bracts; ovuliferous scales complex, with 6-10 lobes and usually 2 ovules aparently enclosed in cutinised sacs.
Pinopsid plants bearing ovate cones with helically arranged megasporophyll units comprising a single, large, triangular, free bract, and single, sessile, orthotropous, fully enclosed ovules
Dicranophyllalean plants with ovulate sporophylls attached singly to the leaf axil; ovules borne subapically on pinnate arms of sporophylls. foliage: Leaves fork twice or three times. Stem: With no leaf cushions.
Tubivascular linearicostate gymnospermous Cresscaffines, or synorhizous exogenæ, with naked seeds, two or more cotyledons, linearicostate leaves, and glanduliferous wood
Voltzialean plants with ovulate pre-cones comprising a compound cone-like zone of axillary dwarf shoots between proximal and distal 'vegetative zones'; ovuliferous dwarf shoots bilateral, with a zone of several sterile scales subtending a fan of 3 to 4 uniovulate sporophylls; ovules inverted.
Pinopsid plants bearing cones with megasporophyll units comprising single (unlobed) sterile bracts, more or less free to the base, and ovuliferous scales almost invariably multilobed and multiovulate.
As for the order Ferugliocladales
Cordaitanthalean plants with ovulate strobili attached to axis between leafy bracts, and grouped loosely into spirally arranged compound polysperms; ovules reflexed on the seed-scale.
Male: Male strobili differ from female strobili, the pollen organs being borne on the margin of a palmately lobed structure, but it is unknown if they were parts of compount structures; pollen quasi-monosaccate. Foliage: Leaves hypostomatic; stomata not in regular files. Stem: Trees or shrubs, with eustelic stems often with separate pith.
Cordaitanthalean plants with simple strobili into compount polysperms; ovules borne erect, with integument partly free from nucellus. Male: Male strobili similar to female strobili; pollen quasi-monosaccate. Foliage: Leaves hypostomatic; stomata in distinct furrows between veins. Stem: Trees or shrubs, with eustelic stems.