Ferugliocladus
genus
Type species: Ferugliocladus riojanum Archangelsky & Cuneo, 1987.
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genus
Type species: Ferugliocladus riojanum Archangelsky & Cuneo, 1987.
Shoots branching at least up to fourth order; branches attached radially and irregularly at acute angles, straight to slightly curved, leafless or with helically disposed leaves. Leaves all of one kind, with a single vein, lanceolate, acute. Female cones compact, ovoid, terminal; composed of simple bracts and either free ovules or ovuliferous complexes, attached helically to cone axis. Presumed ovules or ovuliferous complexes subaxillary to bracts, subcircular; ovules orthotropous with a small and simple nucellar apex.
genus
Type species: Ernestiodendron filiciforme (Sternberg, 1825) Florin 1934
morphogenus
type species: E. rarisulcata Meyen, 1969
genus
Type species: Emporia lockardii (Mapes & Rothwell, 1984) Mapes & Rothwell, 2003
genus
Type species: Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin, designated by who?
genus
Type species: Majonica alpina Clement-Westerhof, 1987
genus
Type-species: Dolomitia cittertiae Clement-Westerhof, 1987
genus
morphogenus
Type species: Compsostrobus neoreticus Delevoryaz & Hope, 1973
genus
type species: Barthelia furcata Rothwell & Mapes, 2001
genus
type species: Aethophyllum stipulare Brongniart, 1828
Small eustelic coniferous trees with orthotropic stem, plagiotropic branches, and dense wood. Leaves helically arranged, simple on ultimate branches, forked on more proximal branches. Fertile organs consisting of simple pollen cones and compound ovulate cones. Pollen cone axis bearing helically arranged amphistomatic sporophylls with adaxial pollen sacs bearing eusaccate prepollen.
Presumed main axis leafy at younger stage. Lateral shoot syst ems pinnat ely branched, consisting of a penultimate branch with two lateral series of parallel ultimate branches situated in one plane. Tripinnate shoot systems may also occur. Leaves bifacial, spirally arranged, sometimes heterophyllous.
Coniferophytic seed plants with compound ovulate fertile zones and simple pollen cones; branched, woody stems bearing closely spaced simple and forked leaves. Stems eustelic with enarch primary xylem, dense wood; leaves vascularized by single bundle, stomata in two adaxial bands, guard cells with papillate subsidiary cells; stomatoliferous grooves absent. Pollen cones simple, pollen sacs borne adaxially on sporophylls, producing monosaccate, eusaccate prepollen.
Plants: Monocious, rarely diocious.
Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bract spirally or decussately arranged, rarely in trimerous whorls, mainly fused to scale; ovuliferous scales variable, from prominent with several teeth to completely reduced; ovules 1-30, arranged in 1-4 rows, erect or inverted; seeds winged or unwinged.
Pollen cones: Sporangia 1-8 per sporangiophore; pollen without air-bladders.
Leaves: Needle- or scale-like, with one median vascular bundle.
Plants: Mostly diocious, rarely monocious.
Plants: Dioecious or monoecious. Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bracts almost completely fused with scale, large and woody; ovuliferous scale highly reduced, flattened; ovule usually single, large, inverted, free or fused to ovuliferous scale/bract complex. Pollen cones: Very large, sporangiophores numerous; sporangia 4-20, initiated in two rows, pollen-tube fertilisation, pollen without air-bladders. Leaves: Scale-like or laminar, with parallel venation originating from basal dichotomies.
Plants: Monoecious. Ovulate cones: Compound; cone bracts spirally arranged, flattened, tongueshaped, free from scale, with a single vascular strand; ovuliferous scales flattened; ovules 2, inverted, proximal, fused to ovuliferous scale, with a single vascular strand dividing up to 20 times, micropyle laterally directed; seeds typically winged, rarely unwinged (e.g. Pinus pinea), wing descended from ovuliferous scale.
Pinopsid plants bearing compact ovuliferous cones, or drupelike fruit, with megasporophyll units comprising single (unlobed) sterile bracts more or less fused throughout but for a free tip; ovuliferous scales almost invariably unlobed and with 1 to several ovules.
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts generally fused to axis of scale, free beyond (fully free in Pseudovoltzia), and generally unforked towards tip (forked only in Voltziopsis); ovuliferous scales mostly 1-, 3-, or 5-lobed; ovules 1-5, inverted.
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free, simple; ovuliferous dwarf shoots reduced to a single, simple, orbicular fertile scale; ovules one per scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free or partially fused with dwarf shoots, simple; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 1-15 sterile scales and 2 or 3 variously shaped, flattened fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free, simple or forked; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 10-30 sterile scales and one or more broad, flattened fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, laterally attached, inverted (adapted from Clement-Westerhof 1988; Mapes & Rothwell 1991)
Voltzialean plants with compact ovulate cones bearing bilateral bract-scale complexes; sterile bracts free from dwarf shoots, with forked tip; ovuliferous dwarf shoots with 15-30 sterile scales and 1 or 2 (rarely 3-5) narrow, cylindrical fertile scales; ovules one per fertile scale, apical, inverted (adapted from Mapes & Rothwell 1984, 1991, 2003)
Voltzialean plants with ovulate pre-cones comprising a 'compount cone-like fertile zone of axillary dwarf shoots' extending into a distal 'vegetative zone'; ovuliferous 'dwarf shoots' radial, with 'numerous sterile scales', and in the 'axils of helically' arranged bracts with forkedtips; ovules 'apparently erect', 'borne on narrow sporophylls' (adapted from Rothwell & Mapes 2001)
As for order Palissyales
Putative pinopsids bearing lax strobili with helically arranged megasporophyll units comprising a single (?) free, lanceolate, leafy bract, and stalked ovuliferous scales with 1-5 pairs of opposite, erect ovules partly enclosed by an aril.
As for order Cheirolepidiales
Putative pinopsids bearing elliptical cones with megasporophyll units comprising large free bracts; ovuliferous scales complex, with 6-10 lobes and usually 2 ovules aparently enclosed in cutinised sacs.
As for the order Dordrechtitales
Putative pinopsids bearing elongate cones of numerous subopposite, subdecussate fascicles of 3 (?4) T-shaped ovuliverous scales (bracts absent or fully fused) attached to short pedicels.
Pinopsid plants bearing ovate cones with helically arranged megasporophyll units comprising a single, large, triangular, free bract, and single, sessile, orthotropous, fully enclosed ovules
Dicranophyllalean plants with ovulate sporophylls attached singly to the leaf axil; ovules borne subapically on pinnate arms of sporophylls. foliage: Leaves fork twice or three times. Stem: With no leaf cushions.
Tubivascular linearicostate gymnospermous Cresscaffines, or synorhizous exogenæ, with naked seeds, two or more cotyledons, linearicostate leaves, and glanduliferous wood
Voltzialean plants with ovulate pre-cones comprising a compound cone-like zone of axillary dwarf shoots between proximal and distal 'vegetative zones'; ovuliferous dwarf shoots bilateral, with a zone of several sterile scales subtending a fan of 3 to 4 uniovulate sporophylls; ovules inverted.
Pinopsid plants bearing cones with megasporophyll units comprising single (unlobed) sterile bracts, more or less free to the base, and ovuliferous scales almost invariably multilobed and multiovulate.
As for the order Ferugliocladales
Cordaitanthalean plants with ovulate strobili attached to axis between leafy bracts, and grouped loosely into spirally arranged compound polysperms; ovules reflexed on the seed-scale.
Male: Male strobili differ from female strobili, the pollen organs being borne on the margin of a palmately lobed structure, but it is unknown if they were parts of compount structures; pollen quasi-monosaccate. Foliage: Leaves hypostomatic; stomata not in regular files. Stem: Trees or shrubs, with eustelic stems often with separate pith.
Cordaitanthalean plants with simple strobili into compount polysperms; ovules borne erect, with integument partly free from nucellus. Male: Male strobili similar to female strobili; pollen quasi-monosaccate. Foliage: Leaves hypostomatic; stomata in distinct furrows between veins. Stem: Trees or shrubs, with eustelic stems.
Gymnospermous plants with megasporophylls consisting of bract/scale complexes in which the fertile scales - from compound radially symmetrical to simple bilateral symmetrical - occur free to almost fully fused in the axils of sterile bracts. Male: cones compact, unisexual, helical, smaller and morphologically more conservative than ovulate cones, with simple microsporophyll units comprising scale and 2 to several microsporangia; pollen unisulcate, dissacate to nonsaccate. Foliage: helical, scale-like to linear, with simple midvein to several parallel and forking veins.
Pinopsid plants with reproductive organs in unisexual strobili consisting of helically arranged scales, which can be sterile of bear terminal clusters of ovules or of pollen sacs; ovules platyspermic.
Male: Pollen monosaccate.
Foliage: Leaves large, strap-like, veins parallel,
Dicranophyllalean plants with ovulate sporophylls arranged in cones (strobili), and with ovules borne apically on pinnate arms.
Foliage: Leaves fork once or twice; cuticle hypostomatic, with stomata in two furrows near the leaf margin.
Stem: With prominent leaf cushions.
Pinopsid plants with ovulate strobili borne axiallary to a bract of leaf; ovules platyspermic, borne on pinnate sporophylls.
Male: Pollen organs formed into loose cones; pollen monosaccate.
Foliage: Leaves elongate-linear, helically disposed, with a single longitundinal vein.
Dicranophyllales with polysperms borne on leaves
Woody, branched plants; shoots bearing elongate-linear leaves, helically disposed, dichotomously divided and univeined. Female organs lax, compound, with sessile or pedunculate ovules placed on leaves or axillary to leaves.
Small, eustelic coniferous trees with dense wood and resin canals in pith. Helically arranged simple leaves on all orders of branching. Fertile organs consisting of compound pollen cones and compound ovulate fertile zones occurring between vegetative zones on branch. Pollen cones with helically arranged bracts and axillary dwarf shoots; sterile scales borne toward bract and laterally; sporophylls with one terminal erect pollen sac borne toward cone axis. Prepollen grains monosaccate, eusaccate.